Organizational Culture Of The Lincoln Electric Company

The Culture of a Company, or the Organizational Culture like it is mentioned in Principles of Management, has gotten a new dimension for me in terms of importance to assure the success of a company. This Organizational Culture is based on a series of values that are defined and established by the founder of a company for instance, which has a deep relation with his ethics and moral values. Therefore, the first factor to outline would be what the culture of a company shows, that can describe already how their managers behave and think. Managers with good intentions will place their workers ahead of profits, image or technology. The Lincoln Electric Company is a good example of that. In this welding manufacturing company, there were†¦show more content†¦Empowerment, which according to WordReference means to give official or legal power or authority to somebody, is one of the actions that the company took in its early stages. If we analyze the Three Levels of Organizational Cu lture, I will place this empowerment on the second level, the level of the Values. It shows that the company cares about what their employees think and how are they feeling. Instead of continuing designing the Organizational Culture of The Lincoln Electric Company by taking desitions that would only involved managements, they decided to listen to their people. This early action ‘was to ask the employees to elect representatives to a committee that would advise him on company operations.’ It might seem surprising, but this meeting has been happening twice a month since then. This is another example that shows how a strong company culture is settled. It is not always about the money and privileges, but also about being a person and having an opinion. I believe that humans feel better when they are proud of what they do and when they have a voice to raise and change something with it. There have to be actions, that are tangible to the people, in order to achieve the third level of organizational culture. Organizational Culture Of The Lincoln Electric Company Introduction The Lincoln Electric Company is the world’s largest manufacturer of welding machines and electrons. Lincoln employs 2,400 workers in two U.S. factories near Cleveland, OH and approximately 600 in three factories located in other countries. (The Lincoln Electric Company p. 1.) The main focus of this paper is to analyze the organizational culture of this company, by doing so, I will point out the different features, the rules and norms, beliefs and philosophies and the systems implemented by the management team through the processes of communication among employees, stockholders, providers, costumers, etc. and other processes like production and commercialization that are essential to produce the best products at a low cost, put them in the best market and obtain the best results for the company. To better analyze and understand the organizational culture of this company I will implement the subjects learned in chapter 8 of unit 3, which are, Organizational Culture Elements p. 102-203. To start with, I would like to mention some of the aspects that the company implemented in favor of the organization and its employees: They ask employees to elect representatives to a committee that would advise management on company’s operations. Lincoln Electric Company’s Organizational Culture Analysis 3 Reduced employees hours from 55 to 50 a week. The company gave employees a paid-up life insurance policy, a welding schoolShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture Of The Lincoln Electric Company1107 Words   |  5 PagesThe Culture of a Company, or the Organizational Culture like it is mentioned in Principles of Management, has gotten a new dimension for me in terms of importance to assure the success of a company. This Organizational Culture is based on a series of values that are defined and established by the founder of a company for instance, which has a deep relation with his ethics and moral values. Therefore, the first factor to outline would be what the culture of a company shows, that can describe alreadyRead MoreThe Organizational Culture Of The Lincoln Electric Company1035 Words   |  5 Pagesthe story of Lincoln Electric Company I’ve come to the Conclusion that their organizational culture they practicing is People-oriented culture. Because the company values fairness, supportiveness and they respect individu al rights. There is a greater emphasis on expectation of treating people with respect and dignity. All the founders of the company had a great deal of continues influence on the positioning of the company today, form John C. Lincoln to James F. Lincoln. John C. Lincoln started itRead MoreOrganizational Culture At Lincoln Electric Company Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Culture at Lincoln Electric The Lincoln Electric Company, a manufacturer of welding equipment and supplies, was founded in 1895 by John C. Lincoln as a manufacturer of electric motors. In the early years of the 20th century, James F. Lincoln joined his brother’s company and by 1914 replaced John as the company head, allowing the latter to concentrate his efforts on scientific investigations. In those early years, James F. Lincoln implemented a number of programs and initiatives withRead MoreThe Organizational Culture Of The Lincoln Electric Company1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe Organizational Culture of the Lincoln Electric Company The Lincoln Electric Company is one of the largest manufacturers of welding machines and electrodes in the world. With about 2,400 employees in the USA and near 600 workers in other countries. The Lincoln management plan is well known for accomplishing the highest worker productivity. His founder Mr. James F. Lincoln died in 1965, leaving a profitable and reliable company. As a president of the business, he invigorated a committee that wasRead MoreThe Impact Of Organizational Culture On The Lincoln Electric Company892 Words   |  4 PagesThrough my reading about LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY I can see that organizational culture played an important important role in success of this company. All main elements that form Oranizational culture represented in THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY, that what made this company prospered and thrived in its activity through the applying The P-O-L-C Framework effectively. I can discern the aspects of influence of oraganizational culture in manging this co mpany towards higher levels in output through theRead MoreOrganizational Culture And The Lincoln Electric Company1212 Words   |  5 PagesORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY The success of a business is intimately tied to the success of its culture. To understand better how organisational culture is created and maintained we will examine one of America’s most successfully managed companies, the Lincoln Electric company. We will examine many aspects of the company that contribute to its culture, such as the influence of the company’s founders, the golden rule, the incentive management plan, the performance appraisalRead MoreOrganizational Culture And The Lincoln Electric Company1303 Words   |  6 PagesORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY The success of a business is intimately tied to the success of its culture. To understand better how organisational culture is created and maintained we will examine one of America’s most successfully managed companies, the Lincoln Electric company. We will examine many aspects of the company that contribute to its culture, such as the influence of the company’s founders, the golden rule, the incentive management plan, the performance appraisalRead MoreAnalysis Of Lincoln Electric Company Of Cleveland Ohio Usa S Organizational Culture877 Words   |  4 PagesLincoln Electric Company of Cleveland Ohio USA`s organizational Culture is exceptional and has earned it the acolade of being the best managed manufacturing company in the whole world. I will explore and attempt to identify culture aspects of Lincoln Electric from several issues such as; the continuing influence of founders of the company, the golden rule, the incentive management plan,the performance appraisal system, how people communicate in the organization, the merit pay plan, the bonus planRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Lincoln Electric Company Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesThe Lincoln Electric Company proves that the right mix of â€Å"organizational culture styles† can achieve profitable business growth over the long haul. The continuing influence, employee benefits/incentives, and management styles initiated by company founder John C. Lincoln and James F. Lincoln have built a profitable business for shareholders and employees alike. Let’s, look at Mr. Author Sharplins Harvard Case study and The Lincoln Electric Company webpage to further delineate the styles of organizationalRead MoreLincoln Electric Company s Impact On Corporate Culture905 Words   |  4 Pagesvalue†; as found within Lincoln Electrics’ Vision Statement (Lincoln Electric 1999-2016). The beliefs and values transferred from company founders and instilled into employees can have an overwhelming impact on corporate culture. By establishing a positive corporate culture one can influence exceptional company performance. This is clearly demonstrated by Lincoln Electric Company, from its early days until its present day. I will present how the Lincoln Electric Company has done just that! Before

Inventory Proposal - 1583 Words

Inventory Proposal QRB/501 May 13, 2013 Inventory Proposal Draft Part of a business’s ability to become successful depends on the business’s ability to properly inventory merchandise needed in its operations. An organization inventory includes ordering, storing, and managing supplies needed to help the organization function efficiently. Improperly managing an organizations inventory can affect the organization profit, loss, and ability to operate. Rafferty’s Restaurant is an organization in which team C will research its inventory system. Team C will describe the Rafferty’s organization, inventory problems it faces, and expected benefits motivating†¦show more content†¦The benefits that come alongside having available inventory are increased profits, decreased losses, larger customer base, and growth, and expansion. Increased Profits and Customers By implementing a solution to help maintain available inventory for both the catering side of the business as well as the bar and grill, Rafferty’s will be able to serve more food to more customers. The more customers who are served, increases the chances to increase profits. It also allows all customers to order what they want without told that the item is unavailable since the kitchen ran out. Shortage or over preparation occurs almost every weekend due to the restaurant inability to accurately determine how many guests will visit the restaurant. The restaurant may show a slow day the previous year due to a holiday or a local event. However, the weather, cancellation of an event, or simple decision of where a guest wants to dine can affect the shortage or over preparing of food. By implementing a solution customer satisfaction will be at an all time high and word of mouth will continue to spread, expanding the already existing customer base and making the customers more likely to return to Rafferty’s. In time with enough customers and demand, Rafferty’s can further expand into other regio ns successfully. LossShow MoreRelatedInventory Proposal1254 Words   |  6 PagesInventory Proposal Learning Team C was tasked with preparing a project proposal that would analyze and present data on an inventory management problem that Amazon Incorporated (Amazon) could face. The Summer Historical Inventory Data shown below was used in the calculations: Month Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 1 18,000 45,100 59,800 35,500 2 19,800 46,530 30,740 51,250 3 15,700 22,100 47,800 34,400 4 53,600 41,350 73,890 68,000 5 83,200 46,000 60,200 68,100 6 72,900 41,800 55,200 61,100 7Read MoreProject Proposal For Improving Inventory Management Essay3084 Words   |  13 Pages Industry Project Research Proposal What methods are most effective to decrease cost in material management with reference to JA Russell. (Warehousing and inventory management) Academic Leader Mr. Harry Touzel Project proposal prepared by JAI SINGH BHURJI Contents Introduction and Background 2 Statement of issue with the organization. 2 Research Question and Aims 2 Aims and objectives 2 Literature overview 2 WarehousingRead MoreVending Machine Inventory Control System Proposal2490 Words   |  10 PagesMachine Inventory Control System Proposal CIS/319: University of Phoenix April 2, 2008 Vending Machine Inventory Control System Proposal The ever rapidly advancing technology of this day and age causes many changes throughout the world. Businesses are no exception; the introduction of new technology within a company effects numerous departments. The purpose of our business is to discover ways of saving our company money, time and resources. By implementing a Vending Machine Inventory ControlRead MoreDesign a Proposal for Appropriate Controls to Cover Cash, Sales, Accounts Receivable, Inventory, and Production.1536 Words   |  7 Pagesbusinesses need effective controls to ensure that the business has the lowest risk rate possible. The lower the risk, the less likely that fraud would occur. In this analysis, Learning Team B will provide a proposal for appropriate controls to cover cash, sales, accounts receivable, inventory, and production. The team will discuss some prevention techniques to reduce these risks and make recommendations in areas that will help controls within the organization. Cash Controls Internal controls forRead MoreBilling and Inventory System Thesis Proposal5411 Words   |  22 Pagesstored in filling cabinets and this consumes a lot of space.   Inventory  is the total amount of goods or materials contained in a store or factory at any given time. The staffs need to know the precise number of items on their shelves and storage areas in order to place orders or control losses. They need also to know how many units of their products are available for patient’s reservation. All of these businesses rely on an inventory system  to provide answers. The  billing  system  should provide serviceRead MoreBaldwin Bicycle Company: Background of the Study784 Words   |  4 Pagesvalue bicycle, sold at retail prices under BBC’s normal product lines. Statement of the problem: What is the overall impact to the company if BBC will accept the proposal in terms of? a.) PROFIT b.) RETURN ON SALES c.) RETURN ON ASSETS d.) RETURN ON EQUITY Objectives: 1. To be able to show and analyze the proposal depending on the result which will be used to serve as a basis for making decisions. 2. To determine the total relevant cost in producing additional orders for Hi-ValuRead MoreDe Havilland Inc. Case Report Essays1463 Words   |  6 PagesDe Havilland Inc. Case Report Date of submission: February 2, 2010 Executive Summary: Marton’s suitability as a Vendor for De Havilland must first prove that its proposal is realistic in price and does not lack any important elements to efficiently supply the flap shrouds and equipment bay doors to De Havilland. Once that is clarified, De Havilland must ensure that Marton’s is a viable entity that can perform its duties on a long term basis, provide the necessary warranties and guaranteesRead MoreSpinnaker Case Writeup643 Words   |  3 Pageshomes Distribution: technology keeps changing, therefore these large retailers/Spinnaker could be left with lots of unsold inventory Manufacturing: could face hiring issues because most are Portuguese immigrants, do not speak english, could cause conflicts in understanding objectives/cultural issues affecting manufacturing Financial: unpredictability if the proposals or third party development business will take off, where they will get the resources Has Spinnaker’s strategy beenRead MoreThe Stages in the Organizational Buying Process1471 Words   |  6 Pagespurchase decisions. In contrast, many purchases result from virtually ‘automatic’ need recognition associated with running low on operating supplies, parts, or materials. Many vendors will monitor their customers’ inventories and automatically ship additional supplies when inventories reach critical points. Such arrangements are consistent with trends toward systems contracting in which buyers contract with a single vendor to provide for all of its MRO requirements. Clearly, this scenario is moreRead MorePotential Location For E Commerce Sales1136 Words   |  5 Pageswarehouse/manufacturing business for e-commerce sales. There will be little to no walk ins. A4P will provide printing services to businesses needed their proposals converted to the European size of paper, the A4. A4P will also have an online store for print production shops who need access to materials in the A4 size for their own, personal proposals. This company is more than needed in the market. There is a monopoly on the business and the markup is astronomical. A4P will easily be able to slide into

Salvation by Langston Hughs Essay Example For Students

Salvation by Langston Hughs Essay In the reading Salvation by Langston Hughs, there are many different underlying themes. There is the thought that even though it may be safer to be non-confrontational, it is not always the best approach. The adults wanting the children to be saved, portrays this. Being â€Å"saved†, involves an inner peace that results in a faith in a higher power. People go along with the crowd, not being sure why. At the start of the story the churchgoers are trying to have the young children find Jesus, because they have sinned. The churchgoers are very enthusiastic about the children being saved. They intimidate the children into following the crowd. The last two children sitting on the bench are very confused about what is exactly supposed to be happening. They think that they will actually see Jesus, Still I kept waiting to see Jesus. The one boy decides to stand up anyway. Then finally when the last boy cannot handle the pressure anymore, he stands up and finds Jesus. Later that night, he is the very upset with himself. The reason for him being distressed is due to the fact that he has just lied to himself, the rest of his family and the congregation by following something he does not actually understand. Lying itself, whether it be to yourself or anyone else, is a sin. He does not seem to realize that he has sinned in front of the congregation, and has completely contradicted the whole point of being saved from your sins. Though he lied about seeing Jesus, he was never repremanded. He has now become under the impression that he will not get into trouble about lying, because nothing has happened to him. He ends up losing his innocence in the same form in which it was supposed to be given. It is important to Langston Hughes that he be saved. It is portrayed by his aunt and the fellow churchgoers that in order to live a life of innocence and purity, you must be saved. The only way Hughes can find to fit in, is if he conforms. He wants nothing more than to live a life of truth, though he does not know where to begin his search. Hughes is ignorant in his decision making because he does not know his choices. Therefore, he conforms to norms of a religious society. When people follow the crowd, it is not always in their best interest. The little boy ended up being very upset by the outcome of the sermon and has probably never forgot what had happened. When people give in to the interests of others, they end up hurting themselves. The boy should not have stood up at the end of the sermon, because he didn t believe that he was actually being saved. In the long run being your own person, with your own set of values and beliefs, is the best possible route to keeping your innocence and self-perspective. By giving into outer influences, you end up sacrificing your truths in life. Once you give up that belief, it is hard to believe in anything else. There is always a good solid background to form off of and this little boy just lost his footing. By not defending his own beliefs, he ended up hurting himself and others. He ended up conforming and giving into the crowd.

Corporate Finance Hong Kong Corporation

Question: Describe about the Corporate Finance for Hong Kong Corporation. Answer: 1(a): In this case, Mark and Nick set up a company. Both of them are ready to invest 1000 Honk Kong Dollars in the company. Mark paid cash to the company whereas Nick does not have sufficient cash to pay. First Mark invests his money in the company and then company gives the cash to the Nick. Following are the entries of balance sheet[1]: Balance Sheet as at . (In Hong Kong Dollars) Non- Current Assets Loan to Nick 1000 Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents 1000 Current Liabilities 0 Net Current Assets 2000 Current Liabilities 0 Total assets less current liabilities 2000 Equity Share capital 2000 Reserves 0 Total Equity 2000 (b) According to creditors of the company liquidated position of the company is weak because of loan granted by the company to the member. Company does not have enough cash because the company already gives a loan of 1000pounds to the Nick who is the member of the company. Insufficient cash creates an obstacle in day to day business of the company. 2: Constitution of the company and other sources describe the responsibilities and duties of directors towards the company. If a person does not fulfill his duties towards the company, then such person is liable for civil and criminal proceedings and disqualified from the position of the director of the company. Following are the general principles of the directors duties[2]: It is the duty of the director that director act in the interest of the company. In other words, director owns a duty of care towards the shareholders of the company. Directors must do all the acts which are in the interest of the company. It is a duty of the director that they use their powers for the benefit of the members and the company. In other words, director must not use his power for some other purpose or for his own personal benefit. If it is found that directors use his power for the benefit of his own or for some other purpose then effects of his decision can be set aside. This duty of director can be breached even in case when director acted in good faith[3]. Directors must not delegate his powers to some other person and he must take independent and informed decision in relation to any matter. It is the duty of the directors of the company that they exercise their duties with care, skill and diligence. In other words: It is expected from the director of the company that they have general knowledge, skill and experience to act as a director of the company. In this case Supastore plc has taken over the management of Luckless Ltd, a department store situated in London. Kevin, the former managing director of the company regularly purchase the material from the store of his old friend, despite of the fact that he could get better deals from other stores. He is in the impression that his friend gives him the best deals. In this case Kevin does not fulfill his duties towards the company with care and diligence. As mentioned above it is a duty of the director that he exercises his powers only in interest of the company and not for any other purpose. This duty is breached even director acted in good faith. On other side Jane, the director of Luckless Ltd, appointed the Luke for the appointment of staff in store. Jane was not aware of the fact that Luke involve in criminal conduct for dishonesty and Luke appointed his friends who stole the material from store and bribe the Luke. In this case director does not take informed decision and does not exercise their duty with care and diligence. 3: Tools like separate legal entity and limited liability are very important for the company. These two tools separate the company from other forms of business. A new and separate legal entity is comes into existence from the incorporation of the company. Company is an artificial entity. It has separate identity from the persons who take steps to incorpoate the company and from the members of the company. Company is not a natural person and provisions of Act defines the acts which company can or cannot do, the 2006 Act states[4]: According to Section 16(1)(2)(3)[5] of the act says from the day on which certificate of incorporation is received , all the persons who become subscribers of the company and members of the company are considered as body corporate by the name mention in certificate of incorporation. Ownership of company is separated from the investors of the company. Earlier business was run either by the sole traders or partnership firms. In these forms of business individuals alone own the assets of their business and they are personally liable for the debt of the company. There are the drawbacks of sole trader and partnership: Owners of these forms of business are personally liable towards the creditors of the company. Owners have unlimited liability Investors do not invest their capitals in the business in which they are personally liable. Separate legal entity is a tool which safeguards the investors of the company. Members of the company are not personally liable towards the creditors of the company. Creditors can sue the company for their debts not the members or directors of the company. As stated above the owner of other forms of business is personally liable for all the debts of the business. Concept of limited liability was introduced to safeguard the investors from unlimited liability of the company. According to this term members of the company are liable for only that amount which they have invested in the company. Section 74(2)(d)[6] of Insolvency Act 1986 states that member is liable towards the company limited by shares only up to that amount which is unpaid on the shares of the company. In other words if the shares of the company are fully paid then members of the company has no liability towards the debts of the companies, and if shares are not fully paid then members are liable up to the amount of unpaid shares. References: Companies Registry, ' A Guide On Directors Duties', https://www.cr.gov.hk/en/publications/docs/director_guide-e.pdf, (accessed 14 September 2016). Companies Registry, Part 16 Non-Hong Kong Companies Division 1 Preliminary, https://www.cr.gov.hk/en/companies_ordinance/docs/part16-e.pdf, (accessed 14 September 2016). Hawksford, Hong Kong Corporation A Guide for First Time Entrepreneurs, https://www.guidemehongkong.com/incorporation/topics/hong-kong-corporation-entrepreneurs-guide, (accessed 14 September 2016). Insolvency Act 1986 s74 Legal Aspects of Corporate Finance, Unit 1 Incorporation and the Corporate Constitution, P 1-34. Nelson, L. C. Y. Stephanie, M. Y. W., ' sample financial statements 2013/14',2014,https://www.nelsoncpa.com.hk/slidepdf/sfs-20140317.pdf, (accessed 14 September 2016).

7 Secrets to Getting a New Job You Love

7 Secrets to Getting a New Job You Love Competition out there is fierce- and getting fiercer. It can be hard enough to find any job- let alone the one you really want. Here are 7 job hunting strategies to help you find a new job you love  in the new year. 1. Burn your resume.No really. This won’t work in every situation, but as a novel strategy it just might work. Try thinking about a handful of companies you’d really like to work for, even if they aren’t advertising any open jobs. Then start actively researching the company- what they do, who they do business with, what their needs are, etc.Then, start learning to talk shop, and start making friends in that company or industry. This strategy requires basically outsmarting and bypassing the whole employment machine- i.e. never dealing directly with HR. It takes time- sometimes a lot of time- but can be just the strategy to get you in the place you really want to be, doing what you really want to do.2. Be selective.If you have to go a more traditional job search route, make sure you’re only applying to the best listings. Broaden out- look at search engines, job sites, company sites, networking sites, and every other avenue you can find. Consider working with a recruiter to get your resume in front of more decision-makers. Focus and narrow your search to jobs you know you’d really be suited for and places (both companies and geographical locations) where you’d be willing to live and work.3. Figure out what you really want.This is part of being selective- and will help you to hone your list. What do you really want out of your life, both your work life and your real life? How can you make the two work together? Develop and define the job you really want that allows you to fulfill yourself on all fronts. Don’t just look at postings and try to fit yourself into round holes. Craft square opportunities for your square peg and the rest will follow.4. Seek your dream.There’s no rule that says you canâ €™t research a company and a job you’d like, then write to your would-be supervisor at that company and express your enthusiasm for that particular job. Even if there aren’t any openings. Explain that this isn’t just another job to you, but your dream career- and how well you would be suited to both it and to the company.5. Be flexible.The pursuit of dreams can be a long process. Be willing to accept interim work, provided it won’t derail your bigger search, while you’re working towards your ultimate goal. Income can be a real asset to put you in a better position to continue working towards your dream.6. Figure out what you need to do.If there are any specific skills or qualifications you might need to get accepted into your dream position. You can find this out by asking a decision-maker in your field directly. Then start working to acquire those skills. The quicker you get them on lock down, the closer you are to your dream career.7. Get hel p.Ask a trusted friend or colleague for advice. Get a mentor. Make sure it’s someone you can trust to help you reach your goal, then lay out a strategy. It can be very helpful to be accountable to another person, also to have someone giving you a bit of extra perspective in your search.

Understanding PTSD Flashbacks

Understanding PTSD Flashbacks A flashback is an intrusive, unintentional, vivid memory of a traumatic event. Flashbacks are one symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Defining PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs in the aftermath of a traumatic event, including military conflict,  assault, interpersonal violence, a car accident, or a natural disaster.  PTSD can also occur among first responders,  as well as  people whose loved one experienced a traumatic event. To be diagnosed with PTSD, an individual must experience symptoms in the following four categories  for at least a month after the trauma: Re-experiencing the event. People suffering from  PTSD often re-experience the event in unwanted, unintentional ways, including flashbacks and nightmares.  Avoidance of the event. Someone who is experiencing PTSD will often  try to avoid reminders of the event.Negative thoughts or emotions. The person may experience negative emotions (or a lack of positive emotions), feel self-blame, or lose interest in activities they previously enjoyed.Hypervigilance.  PTSD patients typically feel as thought they are constantly on â€Å"high alert.† They may have trouble sleeping, be irritable, or become easily startled, for example. While many people may develop some of these symptoms immediately after a traumatic event, not everyone who experiences a trauma develops PTSD. What a PTSD Flashback Feels Like Flashbacks can  be incredibly  vivid  and involve  re-experiencing the sights, sounds, and smells that were present during the traumatic event. Some people become flooded with the emotions that they felt at the time of the trauma.  Flashbacks can be so overwhelming and immersive that the person experiencing the flashback may temporarily feel that they have physically returned to the moment of the traumatic event. In some cases, a person experiencing a flashback may behave as though they were back in the traumatic event. Flashbacks can occur as a result of a  trigger- that is, when they notice something in the environment that reminds them of  the traumatic event. However, people can also experience a flashback without being aware of a particular trigger that caused it. Flashbacks vs. Memories Flashbacks occur when individuals involuntarily re-experience a memory of a  traumatic event. Importantly, the psychological definition of a flashback  differs from the common colloquial use of the term. A flashback is  not  simply a â€Å"bad memory. Rather, it is an experience in which an individual actually feels as if they  are re-living parts of the traumatic event. Flashbacks in PTSD are different from intentional memories because they occur without the person trying to do anything to bring back the memory. In fact, psychologist Matthew Whalley and his colleagues have found that patterns of brain activation are different when people are exposed to words that they associate with flashbacks, compared to words that they associate with non-flashback memories. Studies on PTSD Flashbacks   Psychologists have investigated whether it is possible to prevent the development of flashbacks after a traumatic event. Researcher Emily Holmes and her colleagues have suggested that, since flashbacks are often powerful visual images, it may be possible to reduce the severity by distracting the visual system. To test this idea out, Holmes and her colleagues conducted an experiment in which participants watched a potentially traumatizing video.  Afterwards, some participants played Tetris, and others did not. The researchers found that participants who played Tetris only had about half as many flashbacks as the participants who didn’t. In other words, it appears that a neutral activity such as Tetris kept the visual systems in the participants brains occupied, making flashback images less likely to occur. In another paper  by Dr. Holmes’  team, researchers asked emergency room patients who had experienced a traumatic event to participate in a similar study. Some participants played Tetris while others did not, and the researchers found that participants who played Tetris had fewer intrusive memories of their traumatic event over the next week. More broadly, researchers have found that psychotherapy and medication can reduce the severity of PTSD symptoms, including flashbacks. One type of therapy,  Prolonged Exposure,  involves discussing the traumatic event in a safe, therapeutic setting. Another therapeutic technique,  Cognitive Processing Therapy, involves working with a therapist to change ones beliefs about the traumatic event. Researchers have found that both types of therapy are able to lessen the severity of PTSD symptoms. PTSD Flashbacks Key Takeaways Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental health condition that can occur in the aftermath of a traumatic event.Flashbacks are a PTSD symptom that involve re-experiencing memories of the traumatic event.PTSD flashbacks can be extremely  vivid and may make  individuals feel as though they are re-living the traumatic event.  Several treatments are currently available for PTSD, and new research is investigating whether PTSD flashbacks can be prevented. Sources Brewin, Chris R. â€Å"Re-experiencing Traumatic Events in PTSD: New Avenues in Research on Intrusive Memories and Flashbacks.†Ã‚  European Journal of Psychotraumatology  6.1 (2015): 27180. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27180Friedman, Matthew J. â€Å"PTSD History and Overview.† U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: National Center for PTSD (2016, Feb. 23). https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/PTSD-overview/ptsd-overview.aspHammond, Claudia. â€Å"PTSD: Do Most People Get It After Terrifying Incidents?† BBC Future (2014, Dec. 1). bbc.com/future/story/20141201-the-myths-about-ptsdHolmes, Emily A., James, E.L., Coode-Bate, T., Deeprose, C. â€Å"Can Playing the Computer Game ‘Tetris’ Reduce the Build-up of Flashbacks for Trauma? A Proposal from Cognitive Science.†Ã‚  PloS One  4.1 (2009): e4153. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id10.1371/journal.pone.0004153Iyadurai, Lalitha, et al. Preventing Intrusive Memorie s After Trauma Via a Brief Intervention Involving Tetris Computer Game Play in the Emergency Department: A Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial. Molecular Psychiatry 23  (2018): 674-682. https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201723 Norman, Sonya, Hamblen, J., Schnurr, P.P., Eftekhari, A. â€Å"Overview of Psychotherapy for PTSD.† U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: National Center for PTSD (2018, Mar. 2). https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treatment/overview/overview-treatment-research.aspâ€Å"PTSD and DSM-5.† U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: National Center for PTSD (2018, Feb. 22). https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/PTSD-overview/dsm5_criteria_ptsd.aspWhalley, M. G., Kroes, M. C., Huntley, Z., Rugg, M. D., Davis, S. W., Brewin, C. R. (2013). An fMRI Investigation of Posttraumatic Flashbacks.  Brain and Cognition,  81(1), 151-159. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3549493/â€Å"What Is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?† American Psychiatric Association (2017, Jan.). https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd

Entering The Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entering The Discussion - Essay Example Perry Thomas commented that Romney misinterpreted the need for teachers; this is because he meant to profit private businesses through the use of prison labor rather than union workers. Another comment used an example of an advertisement Syracuse Cultural Workers group, an economically able person grabs a cookie when one of the group’s worker approaches a plate of twelve cookies. He later remarks that union people want to take away the workers cookies. A reply to this is by other commentators is that they do not want job losses but rather fewer jobs and less costs. To further reinforce the idea that businesses dealing with the federal government get unfair tax exemptions and privileges one commentator quotes General dynamics, which pays minimal property taxes. Further comments disapprove of the intrusion of government into the business sector. Opinions on the role of the government officials appear divided; the debate takes a political angle. On one hand, some commentators view most government offices as wasteful and unnecessary; they disproportionately disapprove of the Democratic Party of president Obama. Others hold the view that Romney is a political insider whose attacks on government are dishonest since it is aimed at gaining political mileage. The blog postings further delve into Mitt Romney’s record in business dealings where it is alleged that he is a ruthless businessman. This thought emanates from his business undertakings in which he bought under performing companies and fired many workers. Those supporting this opinion suggest his only target is to enrich investors, including himself. It is argued that Romney’s comments on the need for less government workers ought not to come as a surprise; it shows his consistent behavior of little regard for workers plight. With political inclinations taking center stage, accusations

Corruption and Integrity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corruption and Integrity - Research Paper Example Its major religion is Islam (Sunni) with an estimated literacy rate of 38% (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html). Somalia is located in the Horn of Africa lying along the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. "It is bounded by Djibouti in the northwest, Ethiopia in the west, and Kenya in the southwest. In area it is slightly smaller than Texas. Generally arid and barren, Somalia has two chief rivers, the Shebelle and the Juba." According to records, in the years January 1991 until August 2000, it had no stable government. "A fragile parliamentary government was formed in 2000, but it expired in 2003 without establishing control of the country. In 2004, a new transitional parliament was instituted and elected a president" (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html). Somalia has a GDP/PPP approximately $5.575 billion with a per capita of $600. Its real growth rate is 2.6% and there is no inflation rate record because "businesses print their own money". Despite its vast land area, it has only an arable land of 2% that is produces bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; cattle, sheep, goats; and fish. Its labor force is 3.7 million with very few are skilled laborers (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html).. Sharing the rank of second most corrupt country with Myanmar is Iraq. ... Its major religion is Islam. Its major source of income is oil with very little agriculture due to its vast desert land (http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/iraq.html). Iraq maintains a constitutional democracy with a federal system of government. "The executive branch is made up of the Presidency Council (one president, two deputy presidents) and a Council of Ministers (one prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, and 34 cabinet ministers)." Its legislative branch is made up of an elected Council of Representatives and a Federation Council. There are 275 members of the Council of Representatives. The judicial branch is independent (http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/iraq.html). On the other hand, Denmark shares the least corrupt country with New Zealand and Sweden. Its government is parliamentary, headed by a Queen and a Prime Minister. Its industrialized market economy is based on materials imported through foreign trade maintaining a liberal trade policy within the European Union. About 1% of its gross national product (GNP) is given to foreign aid to less developed countries. This is only a manifestation that Danish economy is high and stable. In addition, all citizens of Denmark receive basic health care and real poverty is out of place in this country (http://www.infoplease.com/country/profiles/denmark.html). Denmark is an active member of International Organizations such as the: United Nations; NATO; the EU; Nordic cooperation; the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; the World Trade Organization (WTO); the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE); the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); the Council of

My History with Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My History with Language - Essay Example However, my mother has been my role model towards speaking some sort of English before I even joined in an elementary school. In most cases, some elementary schools use first languages to teach students in order to enable them understand well something that contribute to some difficulties in learning second language effectively for many international students. Therefore, my history with language begins from earlier childhood life to adulthood and the way I have encounter varied problems in reading, writing and speaking. One of the greatest mentors apart from my mother is my high school English teacher because he had molded my attitudes towards English language. I always viewed English as a language for the Americans people only but I have realized the advantages of reading, writing and even speaking fluent English. My high school teacher’s greatest complement to me was that I had a good accent in English and this enabled me to work hard in class in order to perform well in my studies. I have always wanted to be one of those students who learn other people’s languages easily; however, I can say without any disbelief that I am not since my learning especially my speaking and reading is slow. I have assimilation problem and learning foreign language is challenging because learning is a process and it takes times for one to acquire adequate knowledge or experience. It took me two years to get to the point of conversing or socializing with my friends in my own language while living in a foreign country. I have been living with foreign family friends for more than five years but I have never been able to speak nor read fluent in foreign language. I am not linguistically gifted and one can be able to picture my literacy when learning foreign languages. Gass and Larry (3) assert that many graduate programs have made significant efforts of training students in second language acquisition unlike a generation ago and this has become significant in the contem porary learning environment. Many people have come to realize that in case one has to develop effective language teaching strategies, he or she has to develop a solid basis for those strategies in language learning. Despite some challenges, I understand that it is because of the efforts of my mother and my teachers in an elementary school, which enabled me to develop a bit of some accent in English. However, I also thank my high school English teacher for employing effective language teaching strategies for helping me to meet my education demanding needs efficiently. For instance, the use of language teaching strategies which are based on translation and memorization exercises has played significant roles in improving my English language. I have always wanted to read, write and even speak fluent foreign languages because I wanted to become a tourist; thus tour all places across the globe. One of the most prominent and salient type of critical learning experience is concerned with tr avel. This is either traveling to a country where English or French language is spoken; thus travel experience can enable learners to see the value of speaking English, Spanish or French as a way of communicating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds (Mercer 148). I recall when I was 11 years old, I and my family made a trip to Hawaii during a holiday. I was amazed to see many people

Creating Tension With Sound

Creating Tension With Sound In my own work I am exploring the psychological impact caused by a break-down in a relationship. The use of sound to create tension is of great importance to support what is happening on screen in order to reflect upon the viewer the emotions felt by the characters. As someone who is creating a film which relies on sound to enhance atmosphere, the work of David Lynch is an unavoidable resource because sound is just as important as imagery. He uses sound in order to create moods and atmosphere which propel the stories of his films forwards. The works of Lynch have covered many genres such as murder mystery and science fiction, with each film being very different from another. However each film is distinctly recognisable as a David Lynch film in that his films are unique auditory and visual spectacles full of symbolism. Lynch employs an almost perfectionist approach to every aspect of his films. It seems the unique captivating power of his films stems from this attention to detail in both the visuals and sound. This essay is an investigation into an important characteristic of Lynchs films; the use of sound and its relationship with the imagery. I will use examples from Lynchs major film projects focusing on three films in particular in order to investigate this relationship: Eraserhead, Blue Velvet and Inland Empire. Firstly I will explore how sound is used as a narrative force in conjunction with on-screen imagery. MAIN BODY Sound as narrative David Lynchs first foray into mainstream cinema was with his first feature film Eraserhead. It established him as director but also demonstrated his understanding of sound as a means of narrative within film. Sound is 50 per cent of a film, at least. In some scenes its almost 100 per cent.. This statement by Lynch himself underlines the importance of sound in his films, to me, suggesting that the sound is what carries the narrative forward in a continuum. For example, in Eraserhead the viewer is subjected to an almost nonsensical visual narrative, leaving one feeling bemused as to what is actually happening in the film. However, as Michel Chion states Sound has a precise function, propelling us through the film, giving us the sense of being inside it, wrapped within its timespan. He goes on to argue that although there is a lack of visual narrative the sound makes up for it. If we take this into hand it is as if the sounds that we are hearing in the film creates a sort of audio narrative, that can be heard throughout, but never seen, creating a dense atmosphere of tension and loneliness. An example of this can be found in the introduction of Eraserhead (00:00:00 00:05:50), where the viewer is subjected to sounds of machinery working, seemingly industrial rumblings. However we dont actually see any visual representation of any kind of machinery. What we see is something which appears to be out of a sci-fi film with a close up shot of Henry Spencers head (the films protagonist). Behind him is what appears to be a mass of rock hanging in empty space devoid of any stars. As the camera zooms into this rock we are presented by a grotesque figure of a man sitting by a broken window and some levers. This is followed by a shot of Henry again, as what appears to be a deformed sperm exits his mouth and floats in space. The scene then moves back to the man by the levers, and as he pulls one of the levers, seemingly sets the sperm into motion which eventually plummets into a fluid of some kind. It is as if what you are seeing and hearing is the journey of the sperm on its way to fertilise an egg. The visuals accompanied with the sounds convey the feeling that you are inside Henrys mind experiencing his thoughts, Eraserhead has often been thought as a portrayal of a nightmare. The scene eventually ends with the camera coming out of the darkness through a hole in the ground into the world of Henry. The continuous sound acts as a seamless link between the introduction and the next scene (which is essentially the beginning of the film). With the choice of sound one cannot help but feel a sense of distress and isolation, feelings that are synonymous with Henry throughout the film. This introduction seems to be a precursor as to what happens later on in the film, though the viewer is not aware of it. David Lynch also uses silence as a narrative tool by creating an instance for the viewer to think and ponder. He refers to this silence as room tone saying Its the sound that you hear when theres silence, in between words or sentences.. In Eraserhead these instances of silence do not contain natural sounds of any kind, just the constant ambient sound of the industrial droning, creating tension and a sense of isolation. This ambient sound of machinery is heard throughout the film, acting as a constant, bringing the imagery together. Another example of room tone is in Lynchs latest film Inland Empire where one of Laura Derns characters is sitting opposite an unknown man in a small dark room (01:18:00 01:20:45). Derns character begins talking, and pauses every now and then as she speaks to the man. The man in turn does not respond and merely sits listening. The character is talking about a gruesome incident that has occurred, which appears to be completely irrelevant to what has taken place so far in the film. Yet the silence in between the dialogue carries an almost electric buzzing sound which creates tension and discomfort, drawing the viewer further into the scene. Use of music and song Music is the primary instrument of emotional direction in film it tells us what to feel about a character, a place, a situation. Although sound is the primary element in Lynchs audio-scape, he also uses music and song as a means to create mood and to reflect emotional states of his characters. It was the teaming up with the composer Angelo Badalamenti during the filming of Blue Velvet, which caused Lynch to be liberated musically. Badalamentis ghostly musical scores often complimented and enhanced the dream like visual imagery of Lynchs films. Badalamentis score in Blue Velvet is gloomy and daring and often compliments and contrasts the harsh sound effects created by sound designer Alan Splet (a long time collaborator of Lynch) and the on-screen imagery. An example where the musical score heightens the atmosphere of a scene in Blue Velvet is when Isabella Rossellinis character Dorothy Vallens walks over to her closet, in which Jeffrey Beaumont (played by Kyle MacLachlan) is hiding. Dorothy is holding a knife and the music rises in tempo and volume creating an almost stifling tension as she opens the closet and discovers Jeffrey (00:38:00 00:38:19). In a number of Lynchs films elements of the musical film create startling contrasts as characters suddenly burst into singing, or a song is playing over imagery that it does not quite belong to. There is almost a feeling of abstract fantasy about these instances just as there is in musicals, however these songs serve a purpose to transform visual imagery, uphold narrative and to give an added dimension to the characters themselves. The writer Chris Rodley comments on this use of music as something that alters how the on-screen imagery of the the films is viewed, but as a result takes on a new meaning itself causing both to become intertwined0. In the opening scene of Blue Velvet we hear Bobby Vintons song Blue Velvet (from which the film apparently gained its name),a 1960s hit song reminiscing about love which is now lost. Accompanying this song is on-screen imagery of idyllic picket fenced middle America, focussing on a man watering his lawn. At this point nothing seems to be out of the ordinary, however after having trouble with his hosepipe the man suddenly collapses squirming clutching his neck. The scene ends with a close up of the lawn as the camera seemingly goes into the dirt, with the song fading, revealing a scurrying mass of beetles(00:01:40 00:03:45). This stark contrast between what the viewer is seeing and hearing, creates a sense that not all is as it seems in Lumberton, the imaginary town in which the action of the film takes place. Later in Blue Velvet we have an example where the song In Dreams by Roy Orbison is given double meaning when mimed by the antagonist Frank Booth, played by Dennis Hopper. Frank is an extremely foul mouthed and violent character who deals drugs and can be viewed as the essence of evil in the film. What the song does is to give an insight into the subconscious workings of Franks mind, as it shows him in a very different light to how he usually is throughout the film. In Dreams also serves as a narrative to the hopeless situation which Jeffrey has got himself into, being held captive by Frank and his men,as well as getting punched.

A Trace of James Fenimore Cooper :: Biography Biographies Essays

A Trace of James Fenimore Cooper      In 1828 James Fenimore Cooper spent three months in England, chiefly to conduct business with his British publisher, Richard Bentley, and for most of that time he lived in London at 33 St. James Place. This is the way he described it in Gleanings in Europe: England:    We finally took a small house in St. James's Place, a narrow inlet that    communicates with the street of the same name, and which is quite near the    palace and the parks. We had a tiny drawing-room, quite plainly furnished, a    dining-room, and three bed-rooms, with the use of the offices, &c. for a    guinea a-day. The people of the house cooked for us, went to market, and    attended to the rooms, while our own man and maid did the personal service. I    paid a shilling extra for each fire, and as we kept three, it came to another    guinea weekly. (20)    As Donald Ringe and Kenneth Skaggs point out in their "Historical Introduction" to England, St. James Place represented "a most desirable location" (xvii). It is close to the centers of political power in England--St. James Palace, Buckingham Palace, and #10 Downing Street are not far away. Cooper's neighbors on the street included William Wilberforce and Samuel Rogers, a genial and well-connected writer; Lord Spencer and Sir James Mackintosh lived nearby as well.    The 33 St. James Place of Cooper's time no longer exists, but I wanted to visit the site anyway, to try to get a feel for what it meant for him to live there. If you walk from Trafalger Square to St. James Street, you can go along The Mall or Pall Mall, wide streets flanked by the gigantic architecture of Imperial Britain. St. James Place opens across St. James Street from the Pall Mall; Christie's, the famous auction house, is on the corner opposite. At the south end of St. James Street stands St. James Palace, an imposing brick castle with

Does the conversation between Robert and Kevin violate any nondiscrimination laws?

According to the EEOC website, â€Å"Under the laws enforced by EEOC, it is illegal to discriminate against someone (applicant or employee) because of that person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. † It is also illegal for an employer to make decisions about job assignments and promotions based on an employee's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. The conversation between Robert and Kevin violates disability, race and sex nondiscrimination laws. Title VII prohibits employment decisions based on stereotypes and assumptions about abilities, traits, or the performance of individuals of certain racial groups. Robert and Kevin make comments about every single person in the video that might be getting the promotion. First it’s about the health related issue for the employee who has diabetes, followed by racial comment about what the employee looks like. Because of the second employee’s ethnicity, Robert and Kevin suggest that it’s better to move onto the next candidate rather than worrying about getting strip searched. The next comments and discussion is about an employee is religious and the manger wants to avoid the religious talk on the flight. The next female employee is a great worker according to the managers, however, they are afraid that she might get pregnant since she is off the pill and that’s something they don’t want to deal with. Age and disability discrimination applies to the next employee where the managers think the employee is old and is on the cart and feel that it’s cruel to send him to Italy. The last candidate is a white male, and both managers want to avoid the reverse racism discrimination so they eliminate him as well. Both managers are just having a talk which seems to be an informal talk about the candidates for the promotion. Good things are said about all the employees whether it’s work experience, seniority, great work ethics or knowledgably in the field however, major workplace discrimination are talked about in this video such as race, disability, age and sex. The video does not end with the decision of who was picked for the promotion but the discussion between the managers does contain nondiscrimination laws as stated above.

Add-Adhd essays

Add-Adhd essays Attention deficit disorder is the subject of two widely challenged debates in medicinal practice and theory. One, the argument for ADD being a clinical and mental disorder, is in favor of medical treatment, claiming the diagnosis is attributable to brain damage or neurological defects. The second gives an alternative idea behind ADD, stating that people showing traits of the disorder often exemplify characteristics such as creativity, inventiveness, and even giftedness. As a rising percentage of children are being diagnosed with the disorder, more and more research has been called for, in an attempt to find an actual cause. ADD is classified as multi-factorial, meaning that multiple reasons are generally attributed to its development and diagnosis. A diagnostic criterion includes hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. The intent of this paper is to provide arguments and evidence on both sides of the issue, followed by standard and alternative methods for dealing with ADD. The h istory of attention deficit disorder goes back to World War 1, when a number of soldiers who experienced head injuries demonstrated hyperactivity as a side effect. It was then that ADD was classified as a disorder related to either brain damage or a defect of some kind. It has been proven, however, that this is false. ADD or attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) can also be attributed to giftedness. Studies show that ADD is genetic and it runs in families. Years ago, only children exhibiting severe affects of hyperactivity were diagnosed, mostly because they suffered brain damage or trauma. Today, the diagnostic criterion has been expanded so that any underachiever, or inattentive child fits the bill. Subsequently, millions of kids in America are getting labeled as ADD. Most studies show that 3 to 5 percent of the population possesses attention deficit disorder. Symptoms related to the DSM-IV criteria, which includes inattention, impulsi...

Willy Loman, in the book Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller, and his quest for the American Dream.

Willy Loman, in the book Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller, and his quest for the American Dream. A Death of the American DreamThe American Dream is forever being chased, and never caught. Willy Loman, the main character, in A Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller chose to follow the American dream and lead the life it gave him. The American dream is the belief that through sheer hard work alone, any man can gain professional success and thus receive personal gain. The major flaw in this 'dream' is that it produces selfish individuals who will go to any extent to receive personal gain. Willy's character is one of a common man; Miller portrays him not as an evil selfish person, but as a well meaning yet misguided person. Miller also adds other characters to show the different effects the American dream can have on people.For Willy and his wife Linda, life's accomplishments and sources of pleasure are simple. They focus their lives on the mortgage of their house.The American Dream, New Jersey 1991For twenty-five years Willy and Linda have been working to pay off their mortgage, and once they do that, they will attain a sense of freedom, or the 'American Dream.' Willy is a salesman, always traveling from state to state, staying in motels, away from home. This increases the importance of a house to him because it is not only a place where he lives, but it also represents stability in his life. He shows the same pride for his ownership of the house as he did for Biff, his son, during his football years.Biff's character is one of an admired nature. When he was at school he was always popular, athletic and full of potential. All this changed however when he went to see his father in Boston. This is when Biff found out about Willy's affair. Finding this out crushed Biff...

In public administration class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In public administration class - Essay Example The sum and substance of the book, call it synopsis, has been made clear by the authors in the first few pages of the book and in the ensuing chapters, the approach to the subject has been elaborated, by close examination of the concept of metaphor. Metaphor is no more the concept. It is experiencing; it is what one lives by. The authors argue, â€Å" We have found, on the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.†(Lakoff, et.al, 1980 p.3)The authors launch their version of metaphor by appropriate examples like the concept of ARGUMENT and the conceptual metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR. Next, the conceptual metaphor TIME IS MONEY is elaborated. George Lakoff is a professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. Mark Johnson is the Knight Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Oregon. Their common meeting ground is metaphor! There has been a recent spurt in interest in metaphor in most of the branches of knowledge. Linguists, philosophers and psychologists are the first converts to the working philosophy of metaphor. The intention of the authors is not to find new converts to the art or science of metaphor. It is to make them aware how they are already making extensive use of metaphors in their existing branch of knowledge. It is to convert philosophers to philosophy and psychologists to psychology, so to say! In everyday life some metaphors do small jobs and some perform mighty undertakings. The later fall into the category of highly productive metaphor schemata. The example given is, Michael Reddys conduit metaphor, to understand communication. The conduit metaphor has three constituent metaphors: IDEAS ARE OBJECTS, LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAINERS, and

Reduce Stress in Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reduce Stress in Life - Essay Example For each one of us, there are many things in our lives, which can cause stress on a daily basis. For example, not enough time in the day to deal with personal issues and work or needing to find another higher paying job to afford our endless bills ( www.helpguide.org, 2014). In my case, working full-time while attending school full-time, also being 9 months pregnant and not to mention the frustration of being the first time, mom. It is difficult to measure stress but some behaviors are associated with stress. These behaviors include lack or excessive sleep, eating disorders, substance abuse among others. The response to stress may vary from one person to the other. I deal with stressful situations by eating. This is combined with the fact that I am pregnant. This has resulted in gaining weight something I hope to deal with now that I have a child. Dealing with stress will involve taking some time off my school schedule and spend this time with family and friends. Hobbies are a way of reducing stress levels and I am working towards doing the things I love. This may include dance lessons or music lessons. This will also help me to reduce the weight I have gained. Everything is done in moderation and a little pressure often does better than harm. (Kaplowitz, 2012).However, I do not believe that a stress-free life is possible and realistic. Stress is a response to the challenges we face in life that occur around us and many of these challenges cannot be avoided.

External Audit, Internal Controls & Management Information Systems Essay

External Audit, Internal Controls & Management Information Systems - Essay Example Most public companies have an internal audit function. The internal auditor generally consists of employees from within the organization, although at times this some or all of this function may be outsourced (ABA, 2007). For companies where internal auditing exists, it is important for the auditing committee to meet with the senior internal auditing executives regularly to discuss problems and issues regarding the internal and external audit programs. Annual audit plans should also be reviewed regularly. Even if the internal audit program has been outsourced the auditing committee should hold regular meetings with theses representatives (American Bar Association, 2007). The fundamental contributor to the failure of an organization is a weak and ineffective internal audit system (Hamilton & Micklethwait, 2006). An internal auditing committee is crucial for assuring that the internal controls are working adequately and to ensure that the company's financial statements provide a true and fair view of the company and its affairs (Hamilton & Micklethwait, 2006). The audit committee is an integral part of corporate governance because it has the oversight responsibility for a public company's financial reporting processes and external controls. ... the external auditor and the board, review the annual and quarterly financial statements with the external auditor and to review annual reports to shareholders, among many others (American Bar Association, 2007). The audit committee should meet with the corporate external auditor during the planning phase of each annual audit for the purpose of planning, staffing, scope and cost of the audit. Other areas that require special attention or emphasis should also be discussed along with special procedures that may be required during the auditing process. Once the audit is completed, the audit committee along with the external auditor is required to review any problems or difficulties that they external auditors may have encountered. Any significant issues which were highlighted in the audit, debates which took place with management regarding the audit, letters summarizing the audit and observation to management and the management response letter should all also be reviewed and discussed by the audit committee with the external auditor (American Bar Association, 2007). The audit committee should be clear about all significant accounting judgments made in the audit which would impact the company's financial statements. The committee should also discuss the quality of management's accounting decisions with the external auditor. The committee should also discuss deficiencies and weaknesses pointed out in the audit, with the internal auditors (American Bar Association, 2007). The purpose of external audits is to evaluate an organization's accounting procedures and to provide an opinion about the true and fair state of the firm's financial standing. These also verify the organization's compliance to the set rules and standards such as the General Accepted Accounting

Ict as level coursework Essay Example for Free

Ict as level coursework Essay Welcome to Magic Herbal Products, which was founded by Sarah Lenington in 2003, who travelled across the world in search of some of the rarest herbal and organic remedies. Sarah was born in London and studied dermatology at a top university. Her passion was making others feel good about themselves so she decided to take up the opportunity to travel several countries in 1997 in the hope of finding natural ingredients instead of artificial products that are prone to cause skin deterioration and allergic reactions. Her discoveries of mineral oils and powders as well as plant extracts were tested in labs for over three years. This was a major procedure to ensure the ingredients were compatible with both skin and hair. It was important that all ingredients used in each product was natural and was not tested on animals. The ingredients were found in Indonesia, Malaysia, India and also Egypt. What makes Magic Herbal products so different to any other brand is the purity of the products as well as their campaign against testing products on animals. Furthermore the packaging of all their products is recycled to ensure they are doing their bit for the environment. The Organic Cosmetics store is located in the centre of London with two people working in it that are in charge of customer service, stocking the products and distributing the products by postage to customers that order by mail. Current system The current system is a paper based system meaning that all customer details, store details, bills and employee information is all stored on paper and is filed. Once a customer wants to purchase any of the herbal products over the phone the employee will have to fill out customer details manually on a sheet containing contact details, billing information, product information and the total of items purchased. All calculations are made using a calculator, pen and paper- including a 10% discount on orders. Problems with the current system Having a paper based filing system of all the companies details is a major disadvantage to the company as it is generally very inconvenient to always search through hundreds of files on a daily basis just to find previous customer details. This wastes a substantial amount of time for the employees. The company very regularly offer discounts on the products which is calculated by a calculator, pen and paper however this takes time and errors are made very easily. This is due to several reasons handwriting can be unclear, it can be difficult to understand all customers of the phone and also totals have to be calculated manually. Another major disadvantage is the fact that receipts are not given to customers as proof of their purchase in case they need it in the future. It also portrays an unprofessional image of the business to customers as they have to wait impatiently while the employee has fills out all their details and also wait whilst the employee is calculating the total of items purchased. Furthermore, the confidentiality of customer information is not secure as anyone has access to the files as they are not in a secure place meaning that customer information can be accessed by unauthorised people. The solution In order to overcome these fundamental problems I will create a user interface. The system will enable the user to choose one of the following options buy products, go to previous customers, see stock levels and edit customer details. If a customer wants to buy something then the user will enter the product via a catalogue and all the details of the product should appear on the screen. Once this is complete the final price will be displayed after a 10% discount of total. Therefore this will be calculated without the user physically viewing the formulas of how the total is calculated. This will ensure that all the calculations are correct which will ultimately increase customer service. This means that no one will have to work out the value themselves ensuring the correctness of the calculations. Another benefit is all the data is safe and secure as only authorised people will have access to customer information due to passwords. The solution will be easy and quick to use as the business may need to deal with several customers on a particular day, therefore if the system is quick it means that they are not loosing customers. The solution should be professional as it is a representation of the business. I will create a system where the employee will fill out details of the client whilst on the phone to them.

Role of the Chorus in Oedipus the King Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedip

What is the Role of the Chorus in Oedipus the King ? In answering this question, I will look at the question in two ways. Firstly, I will look at the role of the chorus objectively, examining the basic role of the chorus in the play, and looking at the role of the Chorus as Sophocles would have intended the role of the Chorus to be understood. However, I will then look at how I think the Greek audience would have perceived the role of the Chorus and then how the role of the Chorus is perceived today by a 20th century and examine the key differences in the two different sets of perceptions. Finally, I will look at the importance of the role of the Chorus to a 20th century audience and a Greek audience respectively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Chorus in the play Oedipus has three basic functions. Firstly, to act as bystanders throughout the play, observing what goes on, reacting and offering opinions at regular intervals throughout the play (e.g. when Oedipus accuses Croon irrationally of conspiring against him, the Chorus says "To one who fears fall, his words seem good; O king, swift counsels are not always safe") In this role they are important to the play as they often offer the voice of reason during moments of heated debate, the voice of fear and confusion during Oedipus' downfall, which seems to mirror the audience's reaction and emotion in many situations throughout the play. The Chorus are also used as a sort of receptive audience for passages of description over what has gone on behind closed doors (e.g. after Jocasta has realised the truth the second messenger describes the scene inside the palace to the Chorus: "Within the porch, straight to the couch she rushed, her bridal bed, and tore her hair")   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondly,... ... happens. Also they maintain the continuity as their being present removes any need for scene or act changes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Greek theatre they take on a significant role of emphasising the storyline by groups speaking in unison rather than one single actor trying to reach the ears of around 17,000 listeners. They were after-all a very natural part of Greek theatre and their absence would certainly reflect an unorthodox presentation. They also keep the emotion running as any scene changing can be done during their narrative sections.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a 20th Century production the chorus perform a seemingly less essential role. As there would be ample amplification of sound the chorus could be projected to the role of town folk who would fit into the structure of the play neatly. Works Cited: Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1991.

Compare and contrast teachers and administrator Essay

During my interviews I realized that being a teacher or an administrator has its ups and downs to it. The teacher answered her questions as someone who deals and interacts with children every day. The administrator answered his questions as someone who deals with more what’s best for the children with little interaction with them. Knowing what I found out about the two professions I would lean more towards as being a teacher because an administrator has too many responbilieties. There are many things that the teacher and the administrator have in common. First off they both are in education and want to help children grow into adults as the graduate. They both try to help educate the children without offending any religion or beliefs that the children may have. The teacher and the administrator both went to college to get a bachelor and master’s degree in education. They both have the similar reasoning for being in education field. Finally both of them share the love of being around children to help them be the best they can. Teachers and administrator have many things that are different from each other as well. They both have different degrees in education. An administrator has a master’s in business and a teacher has bachelors in science childhood education. The administrator went to college longer than the teacher. The teacher is there to have one on one time with the students if they need to stay for help. The administrator does not really have one on one time with the students they are to help keep students in school and any other problems that might occur. When I interviewed the administrator he was calm and very well spoken and knew a lot about running a school. He did not have any teachers in his family. He got his influence from his college English professor named Body†¦ The greatest benefit he has as an administrator is having the joy of knowing that he is helping educate and keeping children safe. The administrator does live in the same community has the children do? Yes, he believes that living around them will help to understand where the children come from and what kind of students they want to become. When I asked the administrator if he would recommend the education profession to others he said it is not for everyone. But the ones who do have what it takes to be teacher or work with children will have compassion towards them and understand what they want. So I asked myself is becoming a teacher still what I want and â€Å"yes† it is. To teach early childhood education is what I am called to do. I also learned during this interviewing process is that this job takes a lot patience, courage, and strength to help reach and teach students. I want to get to know each child as individual and what kind of goals they want for themselves. I want to help them reach it. I get closer to reaching my goal even though it has not been an easy road. I have had tons of support to do this. I would say being in administrator or a teacher is a great career a lot of responsibilities go with each one but at the end of the day it is worth it all.

Total Quality Service

Topic: Total Quality Service Summary: Total quality service and total quality management as a business strategy designed to add value to customers. It begins by discussing the roots of quality assurance and total quality management, and TQM. Also, it is to explore the relationship between total quality management (TQM) practices and service quality as well as the relationship between TQM practices and market orientation.However, most of what has been written on TQM is usually related to manufacturing related organizations even though it is widely believed that the concepts and principles under TQM are equally relevant to service organizations. Critical dimensions of TQS A review of literature on quality management implied that the critical dimensions of TQS could be broadly categorized under three groups as follows: 1) Those dimensions of manufacturing quality management that can be effectively used in service organizations of course with due modifications (these include dimensions s uch as top management commitment and visionary leadership, human resource management, design and management of processes, information and analysis, benchmarking, continuous improvement, employee satisfaction, and customer focus).2) Those dimensions that are seldom addressed in the literature, but are nevertheless key elements of TQM in both manufacturing and service organizations (e. g. union intervention and social responsibility). (3) Those factors that is highly unique to service organizations (namely, services capes the man-made physical environment  ± and service culture). The TQM dimensions that have been identified in service organizations are as follows: 1) top management commitment and visionary leadership (TMCL); 2) human resource management (HRM); ) technical system (TS); 4) information and analysis system (I & A); 5) benchmarking (BM); 6) continuous improvement (CI); 7) customer focus (CF); 8) employee satisfaction (ES); 9) union intervention (UI); 10) social responsib ility (SR); 11) servicescapes (SP); and 12) service culture (SC) Also, an empirical study that examines the difference of the relationship between TQM and quality performance in the manufacturing and service firms.

Television in Emirati Culture

Television in Emirati Culture Introduction Among the GCC countries, the UAE is the pioneer to safeguard the national interest with forward looking strategy to preserving natural resources for the future generation; their ancestors dealt with great wisdom and invested their early efforts and resources for reorganizing the nation in order to make benefited the Emirati citizens to sharing the fruits of the joint progress.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Television in Emirati Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ambitious and responsible ancestors of the Emiratis possibly would effectively shape the future vigorously appealing towards the growing socioeconomic changes, representing their well-built families and communities lean towards moderate Islamic values along with deep-rooted heritage of Islamic radicalism where Emiratis are confident citizens who aimed to establish dignity of their nation by implementing moral values for the b etter achievement. The challenge of establishing a contemporary and progressive nation in the Middle East region with the aim to sharing the fruits of the common development of Emirati people from their cultural perspectives to their professional, business and social life that prolonged from the long heritage of Arab nations in this zone. George (2012) stated that television network of Egypt, KSA, and the UAE are strongly interlinked with each other in such way that any dish or cable business would be failed in this region if they do not integrate the three cultural combinations in their network; however, market for TV advertisement in these countries are around US$1.9 billion per year. Different pay channels mentioned that in the UAE 10 % of their families are connected with pay channels where 58 channels like Viacom, Fox, and Sony along with Sky News are available with four hundred channels, which generate huge revenue from this sector; however, the television has influential impa ct on the local culture and behavioural change of the citizens. The UAE is the gateway of the Far East and western hemisphere throw a dynamic maritime linkage in ambition to welcome people all over the world to enjoy the cultural heritage of this region along with materialization, socioeconomic progress and prosperity of the country with an amalgamation of local and expatriate culture (ECC, 2012, p.5). The most important question is what exactly belongs to the local culture; whether the local people uphold their old Arab culture with religion radicalism and blindness or they are able to handshake with modern western culture, do the government persistence with democratic culture, do the society provide equal treatment to the women.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ancient Arab culture was much uncivilized, rude towards female, apart from human values, now, almost 90 % population of the country is expatiate from the emerging Asian countries where they are most moderate free from religious radicalism concerned with their job performance rather than cultural issues. To identifying the local culture, it should look to the anthropological heritage of the UAE that has already recognized and honoured by all nations of the world for its glorious cultural heritage along with the way of restructuring concurrent culture with amalgamation with the foreign culture where television plays a dominating role in this cultural struggles. Study Problem It is important to state that the culture of the UAE society is quite different from the rest of the world because of its excessive conservativeness; as a result, the impact of TV in its culture is quite severe than other nations. Consequently, in order to find out the effect of TV over the Emirati viewers, it is essential to focus on the culture and diversity of the UAE in this part of the paper. Bar d (2005, p.2) pointed out that the misrepresentation has prolonged in the Arab world that they have gained enough progress in terms of awarding and well protecting basic human rights and womens rights, but the reality is totally different, as women are treated as ‘instruments for enjoyment’; however, the mentality of the UAE viewers are changing because of various TV-networks. Gender discrimination, unequal property rights, freedom of speech or freedom of choice are prohibited for Arab women; they are treated as exclusive property of their husbands (which is mostly deep-rooted patriarchy that their ancestors inherited from old cultures); however, such views are changing slowly due to cable networks. It’s a long myth that democracy and human rights situation in UAE has progressed enough in relation to other Arab countries, but reality is quite different and real scenario of democracy is very devastating, as people have no power to make any change in the state powe r the source of real power is conserved to the sultans rather than parliament.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Television in Emirati Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, in some cases, free cable networks on TVs and other media like internet can pose problems to the government. Even the present UAE rulers in November 2012 proclaimed a new degree on the title â€Å"Cyber Crime Protection Act†, which reflected the intolerance and of the government by criminalizing the way of non-violent democratic movement organized by using the internet, where the government urged to identify the political actors of the democratic movement as miscreant or â€Å"unlicensed demonstrations†. This is a new culture of the UAE rulers to victimize the political actors as well as mass people; however, such political cultures are possibly found under the undemocratic and autocratic dictatorship, where huma n rights and democracy are under threat. On the other hand, the prevailing idea about the UAE labour law was that it is ensuring the ‘model of best practice’ through compliance with the EPP terms, but in reality, it is violating this, as the contractors are getting financial incentives rather than any sanction for the law violation; this culture has indicated the inefficacy of UAE legal system. Sabban (2005) presented the most devastating data regarding the workforce of the country that demonstrated that the workforce of the realm is providing a stable economic growth that consist of 80.43 % expatriate men, 10.48 % expatriate women, 7.90 % national men and 1.18% national women; where the contribution of expatriate workers are 90.90% and 9.1% by the local workers. The largest economic actors of 90.90% in the UAE are seriously suppressed from different socioeconomic and cultural operation that immediately requires socialization to balance the demography from the dangerous impact of the socio-political violence, where the television could play a pioneering role to socializing the expatriates; so, this study has aimed to identifying the role of television in this concern. The Goals of the Study The society of this country consists with an imbalanced population in ratio of local and overseas population where about 91.0% workers are expatriates and almost 9% employees are local; however, the large part is under suppression due to their foreign identity, although it is quite impossible for the employers to move the wheel of economy without the contribution of expatriates.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The 90% of the population is from different ethic group and cannot interact in local language, the employers and employees both have not any fluency level in the English; however, it is difficult for them to understand the local culture due to lack of interaction though local television channels have a potential role to remove language problem of the expatriates. The local TV as a mass media has a wider scope to amalgamate the large number of expatriates into the mainstream of demography; in addition, by doing so, the television channels could improve the relationship between the two cooperating class into a single platform of common interest where they do not think one another as enemy. Consequently, Sabban (2005) and Stork (2012, p.1) stated that the local and foreign employees could exchange their feelings and emotions to each other that would develop a friendly atmosphere for socializing the expatriates that would ultimately reduce the brutal behaviour to the foreign workers in UAE, remove discrimination and improve economic contribution by the expatriates. At the same time, Sabban (2005) and Stork (2012, p.1) further addressed that the positive impact of television in the Emirati culture could explore the national economy and a stable population growth by socializing into the mainstream demography. The Study Inquiries The socialization process in the UAE society is very difficult due to its immigration law like citizenship of this country may not automatically provide to any foreigner with less efforts; during the time of the federalization, it was decided that the citizenship would be awarded to a person who is able to demonstrate affiliation with any of the local tribes. Mutual relationship may not have any influence on the citizenship or connection with local native families and even Sheikhs, could assist to granting citizenship that has categorised into three types such as full citizen, legal citizen, and citizen by family relationship or naturalizati on, the holder of any of the first two types of citizens could apply for full citizenship. However, El-Baltaji (2009, p.1) further addressed that the citizenship is not a vital problem to live in the UAE, any person could live and spend a long-time without having citizenship otherwise any ruling of Sheikh while the UAE citizenship are automatically awarded to the child whose father possesses full citizenship. On the other hand, El-Baltaji (2009, p.1) explored that women expatriates would not get citizenship for children for their children though they become part of the UAE culture; at the same time, media also have both positive and negative impact on them. The most horrible law that they would not allow to have any dual citizenship; candidates have to surrender his/her previous citizenship before applying for the UAE, the nationalization law of UAE has formed further dilemmas and controversies in the society that previously stabilized with fair share of dichotomy as well as conflic t that ultimately generate new area of conflict. Continuous rising of female domestic workers imported from overseas countries for the amusement and luxury of the ruling families have generated further complexity with the culture as no employment law could prevent the citizenship of such domestic workers; moreover, male industrial worker faces a lots of problem to gaining citizenship; this also creates cultural problem in the UAE. Due to lack of fair immigration policy and well-designed socialization process, the society of UAE has been automatically balancing abnormal and complex composition of population, for a balanced and future looking nest generation, it is obvious for the UAE policy makers to introduce a quick and easy socialisation process by which the expatriates would get citizenship easily. The Importance of the Study The impact of television in the Emirati Culture is a very significant study with the background to the Arab spring and its consequential impact that would p rolong to the society for a long time. Television as a source of mass media communication in the UAE, it has a long impact on continuous and growing integration of major political and democratic institutions where culture influences the people’s live with the charismatic dominance on media and this is the response to the classical inquiry how media have an effect on society and culture of the UAE. Standing on the reality of Arab Spring that has contributed a completely new social and political condition that would aggressively restructure the culture and society, the UAE has just evidenced without any previous experience or theoretical analysis; conventionally, the mass media has considered a separate entry isolated from the society and culture that prolonged in the concurrent UAE society. The contemporary society of the UAE has verified the media with not just an array of purely technologies that establish linkage between the active parties who are considered as fit for furt her force on the social factors, but it can reengineered for the greater change of the culture in the extent by reshaping mass media like television and even internet. The message and appeal presented by mass media has threaten the ruling class of the UAE that was ringing the bell of falling autocracy, and religion radicalism; in the name of Islamic law, there is no chance to deprive the people from democracy or impose extreme burden of Islamic cultural in order to save ruling families from the democratic movement. On the other hand, for the continuous development of the television media would largely increase conscious people; consequently, the inherited family based dictators in this region were able to hearing the death sentence of Islamic monarchy who does not dare to put into practice of democracy, human and equal rights for women. At the same time, general people are seriously influenced by the news and other related programs though present ruling system is forcing to destroy the people’s unity who eager for democracy by misleading the cultural, political, and social institutions with the ill intention to rescue the Arab monarchies from the influence of mass media. Assumptions El-Baltaji (2009, p.1) explored the real scenario of the UAE mass media with assumption that government of the UAE were planning to introduce draft media law 2009 to replace the old Press and Publications Law 1980, which designed to establish control over the mass media and communication by integrating sixteen punishable offence for criticizing the royal family and the religion. During the proclamation of new media law 2009, the government created panic among the media workers by conducting fear campaign for journalists by imposing different punishment and harassment through the law enforcement agencies; at the same time, the government propagated that the mass media of the UAE has been enjoying substantial freedom in the country. This research has aimed to investigate the i mpact of mass media on the culture of UAE, with a homogeneous assumption that the government is cooperating with the mass media communication in order to assess the impact of television on the development of Emirati Culture. The Theoretical Framework Understanding and Assessing Mass Communication Theory Baran and Davis (2010, p.30) stated that some traditional, formal, and systematic social scientific theories have used to maintain the relationship between media and the citizens, which are known as theories of mass communication; in addition, these theories are imperative in order to discuss human behaviour and other related issues. At the same time, Baran and Davis (2010, p.31) argued that these theories are developing over time constructing even more practical and influential hypothetical perspectives by including diverse and occasionally contradictory thoughts related with history, philosophy, humanities, social sciences, psychology and so on. However, Baran and Davis (2010, p.31 ) and Bryant and Miron (2004) stated that there are appropriate theoretical framework has been developed yet to materialize the issues; therefore, many scholars analyzed the factors such as aggregate media systems with their function in society considering unscientific methods. At the same time, the researchers have concentrated on the subjective viewpoints to analyze the theories of mass communication in context of UAE television that exemplify enduring or inventive conceptualizations; in addition, they further stated that these theories will give the opportunity to predict what will happen. Baran and Davis (2010, p.35) argued that four contemporary theories, such as, post positivist theory, hermeneutic theory, critical theory and normative theory are playing vital role to shape the society and change human behaviour’ however, Obe, Ayedun and Ofulue (2008, p.54) pointed out other theories including mass society theories, social scientific approach, media violence, common sen se theories, and so on. Post-Positivist Theory Baran and Davis (2010, p.38) stated that this theory based on physical sciences and empirical observation considering the fact that positivist only believe on the scientific method; on the other hand, the researchers are also dedicated to focus on such observational system under this theory. However, key features of this theory are No Characteristics Post-positivist Theory 1 Objectives The main objective of this theory are justification, prediction, and control (to link between social science and the physical sciences), for instance, from operation of political advertising, the researchers predict commercial factors and control the voting behaviour of the UAE television viewers 2 Ontology Human behaviour is satisfactorily predictable to be studied scientifically though social world may have more variation 3 Epistemology of this theory Knowledge can enhance by systematic, and logical method 4 Post positivism’s axiology the implementation of the scientific technique remains theorists’ values out of the search for understanding Table 1: Characteristics of Post-positivist Theory Source: Self generated from Baran and Davis (2010, p.38) Hermeneutic Theory According to the Baran and Davis (2010, p.39), this theory is based on the study of understanding particularly from side to side methodical interpretation of actions along with manuscript; in addition, the objective of this theory is to provide the answers to the questions like how and why that behaviour occurs in the society. At the same time, Baran and Davis (2010, p.40) stated that this theory has developed from the era when people started to interpret Bible and analyze how it reshapes early Christian culture; however, different forms of hermeneutic theory exists to understand interpret social situation to create value for the people. On the other hand, Baran and Davis (2010, p.40) argued that the name of hermeneutic theory can replace a s interpretive theory because it interprets any product of social interaction while people react in accordance with their own preferences and prejudices. Moreover, Baran and Davis (2010, p.40) and Obe et al. (2008, p.37) stated that theory’s epistemology based on the subjective communication between the observers and their communities; in addition, the axiology of this theory encompasses personal and professional values of UAE television viewers. Critical Theory Meyrowitz (2008, p. 641) and Baran and Davis (2010, p.38) stated that this theory is completely different from former theories because it based only on the political phenomenon because politics could change social and human behaviour. On the other hand, Baran and Davis (2010, p.38) further addressed that this theory challenges existing behaviour of organizing the social world because they can provide priority to the most significant individual values; thus, this theory based on inequality and oppression. However, key features of this theory are No Characteristics Critical Theory 1 Objectives Inherently political 2 Ontology It is a bit more complex 3 Epistemology of this theory Knowledge is sophisticated merely when it serves to free individuals and communities from the control of those more influential than themselves 4 Axiology Due to openly political system, its axiology is aggressively value-laden 5 Role of media Media is a crucial tool employed by corporate elites in order to restrain how individuals view their communal world and to border their organization in it 6 Strengths Used to plan change in the real world 7 Weaknesses It is too political and based on subjective observation, which also uses controversial research methods Table 2: Characteristics of critical theory Source: Self generated from Baran and Davis (2010, p.40) Normative Theories of Mass Communication Baran and Davis (2010, p.100), Ostini and Fung (2002), and Obe et al. (2008, p.55) stated that normative theories included many theories such as authoritarian media theory, libertarian media theory, soviet-communist media theory; however, these theories does not provide any scientific explanations, but describe some ideal values, which assist to explicate the ways in which mass media should be rebuilt. Authoritarian Media Theory Obe et al. (2008, p.54) stated that it is on one the oldest of the press theories that positioned all kinds of communication under the power of a governing elites where institutions rationalised their control as a means to defend and guard a divinely preordained social order; furthermore, it began in 16th century and derived from State’s philosophy of absolutism. Baran and Davis (2010, p.40) and Obe et al, (2008, p.54) stated that it supports the total domination of media to sever the purpose of the administrations instead of criticising the governments; at the same time, the media were not allowed to print and broadcast anything which might undermine th e credibility of the administrations; otherwise, they were subjected to punishment. However, Baran and Davis (2010, p.102) and Obe et al. (2008, p.54) stated that the basic supposition of this theory is that the administration is reliable for which media professionals were inadmissible to enjoy any independence; in addition, foreign medias had also controlled by the government; unfortunately, this theory is still practiced by the government of some countries. On the other hand, Obe et al. (2008, p.55) and Baran and Davis (2010, p.102) argued that under the practice of this theory, the administration also imposed high taxes, passed oppressive laws, suppressed the media professionals and controlled over content of the news. However, McQuail (1994) stated that media professionals have punished for violating royal charters; however, immunity is possible in some extent for the case of publicize minority perspective and culture, which not create any hindrance to control society as their w ish; therefore, this theory does not emphasis on the development of a homogeneous national culture among the UAE television viewers. Libertarian Media Theory Baran and Davis (2010, p.103) stated that this hypothesis can be traced back to 16th century, which developed in opposition to authoritarian theory; at the same time, Obe et al. (2008, p.55) argued that some social movements such as Protestant Reformation enhanced the concept of freedom of express and thoughts, which would allow them to hold and express opinions independently. At the same time, Baran and Davis (2010, p.103), Ostini and Fung (2002), Obe et al. (2008, p.55) stated that libertarian theory is considered the perfect model while the main goal of it is to advance the interests of the people; therefore, it gives the opportunity to the people to publish whatever they like in some extent. Baran and Davis (2010, p.104) stated that this theory has removed the arbitrary and erratic practice of the authoritarian model and Ob e et al. (2008, p.55) further expressed that this model had not supported complete independence to express themselves regarding rule of law, but it has full protection to media professionals to draw a broader line between good and bad. On the other hand, Ostini and Fung (2002) and McQuail (1994) addressed that most of the developed countries have followed this theory in order to shape the society more dramatic ways; in contrast, Baran and Davis (2010) stated that journalists and media professionals are not getting such immunities and facilities where the control rested in the hands of a king. Figure 1: Strengths and weaknesses of Libertarian Media Theory Source: Baran and Davis (2010, p.120) Soviet-Communist Media Theory Obe et al. (2008) stated that this theory has introduced during the time of Russian Revolution in 1997 when Marx and Engels had struggled to serve the interests of the working class; however, it supported complete domination of media to promote the socialist system ; the prime factors of this theory are No Characteristics Soviet-communist Theory 1 Objectives The main objective of this theory was to maintain the sovereignty of the proletariat 2 Ontology Used the media to carry on progress and transform towards the accomplishment of the communist period 3 Good intention The media was subject to direct state control to help communist party; here, it is important to mention that the Soviet press had removed the profit motive under this model 4 Social Responsibility Used media as an arm of government to protect political conflicts strictly Table 3: Characteristics of Soviet-communist Theory Source: Self generated Obe et al. (2008) Social Responsibility Media Theory Baran and Davis (2010, p.121) stated that this model used to serve the political system as well as protect the rights of the individuals, serve financial interest of the community and preserve financial independence; however, the following figure shows the strengths and we aknesses of this theory – Figure 2: Strengths and weaknesses of Social Responsibility Media Theory Source: Baran and Davis (2010, p.120) Some Other Theories Table 4: Characteristics of the theories Source: Self generated Obe et al. (2008) The Focus on Media Effects Baran and Davis (2010, p.121) argued that the researcher have concentrated on the effects of media on the society and culture from the 1950s to the 1990s; they also focused on how media like television influence the buyer to purchase their products; however, the next figure demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of Attitude-Change theory – Figure 3: Strengths and weaknesses of Attitude-Change Theory Source: Baran and Davis (2010, p.156) Figure 4: Strengths and weaknesses of Entertainment Theory Source: Baran and Davis (2010, p.270) Conceptual Framework on the Effect of Television Baran and Davis (2010) noted that several academicians have engaged cultivation-analysis to scrutinize the influence of TV related concerns away from sadism and offence; this could examine of public awareness of wealth, separation, employed female, approval of gender typecasts, avarice, principles, psychological well-being, and political involvement among the UAE television viewers. The scale of persuasion that is left in each of the sectors is debatable; however, there are certain other segments included in this concern, which, for example include belief of estrangement, ecological unease, employment, insights of wellbeing, and nuptial viewpoints; nevertheless, suppositions of cultivation are encouraged throughout, while the potency of results and the feature of the study diverge significantly. Baran and Davis (2010) has clearly pointed out a number of factors, which could be regarded as the effects that television has on societies; these factors include the idea that TV smudges conventional features of public outlook of their planet, it merges their authenticity to TV’s cultural-mainstream, and curves that mainstream to the organizational interests of telly or its promoters. The appraisal of the approach in which telly controls the societal world is evocative of the opinion regarding accepted cultures; in addition, what has been an opulently varied handcrafted procedure has become a composite industrialized and mass allotment endeavour; however, this has eliminated much of the provincialism and parochialism, over and above some of the exclusiveness of the pre-television epoch. It is important to note that Obe et al. (2008) pointed out that this factor has enhanced close-minded cultural perspectives; on the other hand; this also gave more and more substantial industrialized corporations and the spot to bring to mind a large amount of what people feel on the subject of being familiar with terms and execution in general. According to Bryant and Miron (2004), certain authors do not think this as a predominantly reasonable trade-off, and so, they placed cultivation-analysis in the territory of critical presumption; but others regarded cultivation as every now and then taken as a return of a strapping upshot outlook of mass media, though, interestingly, such outlook is not from top to bottom incorrect, Nevertheless, it fails to notice the line of reasoning that such theory was in the beginning envisaged as a critical theory that, in fact, concentrated over mass-media concerns in particular merely as the mass-media (principally TV) give out the narrative convenience; moreover, TVs are leading means for dealing out communication from ethnic, communal, or financially viable influential classes, On the other hand, Baran and Davis (2010) also noted that the foremost contentious fundamentals regarding this presumption is the centre of attention on serious viewers of TV, who do not have regard to any precise shows on telly; moreover, Obe et al. (2008) noted that cultivation is more than merely an investigation of effects from an explicit medium. According to t he authors, cultivation is rather an examination of the foundation of TV along with the societal role it plays; however, cultivation, reviewers asserted, has mistreated the requirement to recognize grave customers of precise kinds of programs; on the other hand, Obe et al. (2008) has stated that cultivation’s theoretical portion of disclosure to TV is excessively comprehensive. Television Media of UAE Television media of the country is a highly prospective sector in terms of profitability and sustainable growth; according to Media Abu Dhabi, local TV-Network has proclaimed an extraordinary increase of 122 percent in subscription sales in 2010 to 2011 period; moreover, it is notable that in 2012, hundreds of thousands families across the area enjoyed Abu Dhabi-Sport’s wide coverage. Media as Culture Industries: The Commodification of Culture The commodification of culture is an inspection of what happens when culture is mass-produced and distributed in direct competitio n with locally-based cultures; it suggests that media are industries focusing in the manufacture and allocation of cultural commodities; these grew at the cost of small-local-producers and the price of this was the continuous disruption of public lives (Baran and Davis 2010). The condition of a highly conservative, Muslim, and radical society of the United Arab Emirates is no different from this as a result, Emirati viewer behaviours after exposure to television programs can be explained by continuous disruption of public lives and distraction of conservative cultures of UAE. Previous Studies There are very few studies with the contribution of mass media United Arab Emirates where most of that researches are centered to scrutinize the theories of media, overriding effects of media along with the significant cultural theories those are applied to observe the influential factors of media and society linking with the concurrent socioeconomic and cultural scenario of UAE. Al-Jenaibi (2 011, p.1) mentioned that the mass media along with the surrounding Arab societies and the exploring news media studies indicated the character of mass media within the Arab society integrating with the modern technologies that have been shifting dynamics of the Arab public domain aimed to improving freedom of press, freedom of speech aimed to encourage a democratic society apart from the prevailed culture of Arab monarchy. For the last few decades, large numbers of mass communication theories have been put into practice in the social perspectives of UAE, but there is no effectual studies in the UAE regarding effectiveness and power of mass media to restructuring the society and public domain, the previous studies have engaged to demonstrate effectiveness of mass media on few social factors. However, before the Arab Spring, there were no brave research that could predict the power and influence of mass media and dare to demonstrate the impact of mass media to promoting democracy, hum an rights and to develop democratic culture for social institutions. Reference List Al-Jenaibi, B. (2011). News Media in Arab Societies. Retrieved from https://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v22/v22-11.pdf Baran, S. J. Davis, D. (2010). Mass Communication Theory: Foundation, Ferment and Future. Retrieved from http://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/mass-communication-theory.pdf Bard, M. G. (2005). 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